Do You Call a PhD a Doctor or Professor? Deciphering Academic Titles
Whether to call someone with a PhD a “Doctor” or “Professor” depends on the context and their role. The key is understanding the difference between holding a doctoral degree and holding a professorial appointment. A PhD holder is always a Doctor, but they are only a “Professor” if they hold a professorial appointment.
Understanding the PhD: A Foundation of Knowledge
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is a doctoral degree awarded to individuals who have completed significant original research in a specific academic discipline. It signifies a mastery of the subject matter and the ability to contribute new knowledge to the field.
The Role of a Professor: Teaching and Research
A Professor is an academic rank within a university or college. Professors are primarily responsible for teaching courses, conducting research, and mentoring students. A professorship is a job title, not automatically conferred by possessing a PhD. Many professors do hold PhDs, which is often a requirement for the position, but not all PhD holders are professors.
The Nuances of Academic Titles
- Doctor: This title recognizes the attainment of a doctoral degree, demonstrating expertise and research skills. You should always address someone with a PhD as “Doctor” when referring to their academic credentials or in a formal setting.
- Professor: This title denotes an academic appointment, indicating a teaching and research position at a university or college. If someone holds the rank of Professor (Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, Full Professor), use “Professor” when addressing them.
- Dr. vs. Prof.: If someone has a PhD and is also a professor, it’s generally considered polite to use “Professor” as it reflects their current role and responsibilities. However, using “Doctor” is still correct and appropriate, especially in situations where their specific academic expertise is relevant.
Context is Key
The best way to determine which title to use is to consider the context of the interaction:
- Formal Settings (conferences, presentations): “Doctor” is always appropriate, especially if their PhD is relevant to the discussion. If they are presenting as a Professor of a specific department, using “Professor” might be preferable.
- Classroom Setting: “Professor” is the standard and expected form of address for instructors holding that rank.
- Email Communication: Check their email signature – it will usually indicate their preferred title. If unsure, “Professor” is generally a safe bet if they teach or conduct research.
- Social Settings: “Doctor” is always correct, though in casual conversation, simply using their first name might be preferable to either title.
What About Other Doctoral Degrees?
It’s crucial to remember that not all doctoral degrees are PhDs. Professional doctorates, such as MD (Medical Doctor) or JD (Juris Doctor), also entitle the holder to be addressed as “Doctor.”
- MD: Focuses on the practice of medicine.
- JD: Focuses on the practice of law.
- PhD: Focuses on research and scholarship.
These titles all denote different areas of expertise and should be respected accordingly.
When in Doubt, Ask!
The best approach is always to be respectful and, if unsure, simply ask the individual their preferred form of address. A quick and polite inquiry can avoid any potential awkwardness or missteps.
The Evolving Landscape of Academic Titles
It’s important to acknowledge that academic norms and preferences can subtly shift over time, and may vary among institutions and disciplines. Paying attention to the established conventions within your specific field or academic environment is always a good idea. Do You Call a PhD a Doctor or Professor? Understanding these nuances shows respect and professionalism.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
If someone has a PhD but doesn’t teach, should I call them Doctor?
Yes, absolutely. The title “Doctor” reflects the attainment of a doctoral degree, regardless of their current employment or activities. Whether they work in industry, government, or are retired, someone holding a PhD is still entitled to be addressed as “Doctor.”
Is it ever wrong to call someone with a PhD “Doctor”?
While context matters, it’s rarely wrong to address someone with a PhD as “Doctor,” especially in formal or professional settings. However, using “Professor” when they hold that rank is generally considered more polite.
What if their email signature just says “PhD”?
If their email signature only says “PhD,” it’s safest to default to “Doctor” in your initial communication. You can then observe how others address them in subsequent interactions or politely inquire about their preference.
Is “Professor” always a higher rank than “Doctor”?
Not necessarily. “Doctor” signifies the attainment of a degree, while “Professor” signifies an academic appointment. Someone can be a “Doctor” without being a “Professor,” and vice versa (though less common, someone could be a professor without holding a PhD, particularly in some arts and professional fields).
Does the specific field of the PhD matter when deciding which title to use?
While the general rules apply across all fields, some disciplines may have slightly different conventions. It’s always best to be observant and respectful of the specific culture within a given academic area.
What’s the difference between an Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and Full Professor?
These are different ranks within the professoriate. Assistant Professor is typically an entry-level position, Associate Professor is a mid-career rank, and Full Professor is the highest rank. Regardless of the specific rank, all are addressed as “Professor.”
If someone has multiple doctorates, which title do I use?
If someone holds multiple doctoral degrees, it’s generally acceptable to use “Doctor” or to address them using the title associated with the most relevant or prestigious degree in the given context. If unsure, politely inquire about their preference.
What if someone specifically asks me not to call them “Doctor”?
Always respect their wishes. If someone prefers to be addressed by their first name or a different title, honor their preference. It’s a matter of courtesy and respect for their personal choice.
Is it arrogant to insist on being called “Doctor”?
While insisting on being called “Doctor” can sometimes be perceived as arrogant, it depends on the context and the individual’s manner. It’s generally more acceptable in formal settings where academic credentials are relevant.
Is it acceptable to call someone “Professor” if they are a Teaching Assistant (TA)?
No, it is not. Teaching Assistants are typically graduate students assisting professors with teaching duties. They have not yet earned their doctorate and do not hold the rank of professor. It’s inappropriate to call them “Professor.”
How do I handle situations where I accidentally misaddress someone?
A simple and sincere apology is usually sufficient. Acknowledge your mistake, correct yourself, and move on. Most people are understanding and will appreciate your genuine effort to be respectful.
Do You Call a PhD a Doctor or Professor? What if their title is unclear on their website or business card?
If their website or business card is unclear, it is appropriate to look at their university profile (if they have one) or their LinkedIn profile. This can often give you more information about what their preferred title is. If this information is still not available, it is safest to use “Doctor”. Do You Call a PhD a Doctor or Professor? Remember, erring on the side of respect is always a good idea.